Bontrager: Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy, 7th Edition

Chapter 01: General Anatomy, Terminology, and Positioning Principles

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.	What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?
A.	Epithelial	C.	Muscular	
B.	Connective	D.	Nervous	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

2.	The lowest level of structural organization in the human body is the:
A.	molecular level.	C.	chemical level.	
B.	cellular level.	D.	atomic level.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

3.	What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces of the body?
A.	Muscular	C.	Nervous	
B.	Connective	D.	Epithelial	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

4.	A body system consists of an association of organs that share a common function.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

5.	How many individual body systems comprise the human body?
A.	22	C.	10	
B.	13	D.	8	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

6.	How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?
A.	181	C.	206	
B.	215	D.	236	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

7.	Which system of the human body is responsible for the elimination of solid waste?
A.	Circulatory	C.	Urinary	
B.	Respiratory	D.	Digestive	

ANS: D	PTS: 1
8.	Which of the following systems of the human body includes all ductless glands of the body?
A.	Endocrine	C.	Muscular	
B.	Integumentary	D.	Glandular	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

9.	Which of the following body systems helps to regulate body temperature?
A.	Circulatory	C.	Endocrine	
B.	Urinary	D.	Nervous	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

10.	Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
A.	Radius	C.	Clavicle	
B.	Hip bone	D.	Sternum	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

11.	How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?
A.	206	C.	54	
B.	80	D.	126	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

12.	What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?
A.	Wormian	C.	Irregular bones	
B.	Tendinous	D.	Sesamoid bones	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

13.	Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?
A.	Carpal bone	C.	Cranium	
B.	Scapula	D.	Humerus	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

14.	What is the name of the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?
A.	Cancellous portion	C.	Diploë	
B.	Periosteum	D.	Medullary portion	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

15.	Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?
A.	Vertebrae	C.	Scapulae	
B.	Phalanges (toes)	D.	Carpal (wrist bones)	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

16.	Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?
A.	Diaphysis	C.	Shaft of long bones	
B.	Epiphyses	D.	Articular cartilage	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

17.	Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
A.	Compact bone	C.	Medullary cavity	
B.	Periosteum	D.	Spongy or cancellous bone	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

18.	Examples of “flat” bones are the:
A.	calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum.	C.	sternum, scapulae, ilia of pelvis, and base of cranium.	
B.	ribs, sternum, patella, and ilia of pelvis.	D.	sternum and ilia of pelvis only.	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

19.	What is the primary center for bone growth termed?
A.	Epiphyses	C.	Metaphysis	
B.	Diaphysis	D.	Epiphyseal plate	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

20.	Which of the following is not a functional classification of joints?
A.	Synarthrosis	C.	Cartilaginous	
B.	Amphiarthrosis	D.	Diarthrosis	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

21.	The structural term for a freely movable joint is:
A.	fibrous.	C.	synovial.	
B.	cartilaginous.	D.	gomphosis.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

22.	Which of the following joints displays a “hinge” type of movement?
A.	Trochoid	C.	Sellar	
B.	Ellipsoidal	D.	Ginglymus	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

23.	Which of the following joints is not a synovial joint?
A.	Skull suture	C.	Hip joint	
B.	Elbow joint	D.	Proximal radioulnar joint	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

24.	Which of the following is classified as a sellar joint?
A.	Ankle joint	C.	Knee joint	
B.	Temporomandibular joint	D.	Intercarpal joint	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

25.	Which of the following is classified as a bicondylar joint?
A.	Shoulder joint	C.	First and second cervical vertebra joint	
B.	Temporomandibular joint	D.	Distal radioulnar joint	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

26.	An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the:
A.	anteroposterior position.	C.	anatomic position.	
B.	decubitus position.	D.	oblique position.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

27.	A representation of the patient’s anatomic structures that can be obtained, viewed, manipulated, and stored digitally is the definition for:
A.	radiograph.	C.	radiographic image.	
B.	radiography.	D.	radiographic examination.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

28.	The vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves describes the:
A.	coronal plane.	C.	longitudinal plane.	
B.	median or midsagittal plane.	D.	horizontal plane.	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

29.	A longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is the:
A.	midcoronal plane.	C.	horizontal plane.	
B.	midsagittal plane.	D.	oblique plane.	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

30.	Which of the following terms describes the sole of the foot?
A.	Palmar	C.	Volar	
B.	Dorsum	D.	Plantar	

ANS: D	PTS: 1
31.	Which term describes the back or posterior aspect of the hand?
A.	Dorsum pedis	C.	Palmar	
B.	Dorsum manus	D.	Volar	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

32.	A lateromedial projection is where the lateral aspect of the anatomical part is closest to the image receptor (IR).
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

33.	A position in which the head is lower than the feet is:
A.	Trendelenburg.	C.	Fowler’s.	
B.	lithotomy.	D.	recumbent.	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

34.	Which term describes lying down in any position?
A.	Horizontal	C.	Recumbent	
B.	Fowler’s	D.	Anatomic	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

35.	A recumbent oblique position in which the patient is lying on the left anterior side rotated anteriorly, with the right knee and thigh flexed is termed:
A.	Trendelenburg.	C.	Sims’ position.	
B.	left posterior oblique.	D.	Fowler’s position.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

36.	Situation: A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position?
A.	LPO	C.	RAO	
B.	RPO	D.	LAO	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

37.	Situation: A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position?
A.	Right lateral	C.	Left lateral	
B.	Left lateral decubitus	D.	Dorsal decubitus	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

38.	Situation: A patient is lying on her back. The x-ray tube is horizontally directed with the CR entering the right side of the body. The image receptor is adjacent to the left side of the body. What is the radiographic position?
A.	Left lateral decubitus	C.	Right lateral decubitus	
B.	Left lateral	D.	Dorsal decubitus	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

39.	Situation: A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position?
A.	LAO	C.	Left lateral	
B.	LPO	D.	Posteroanterior	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

40.	What type of projection is created with the CR directed along or parallel to  the long axis of the body?
A.	Axial	C.	Lordotic	
B.	Tangential	D.	Transthoracic	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

41.	A projection in which the CR skims a body part is termed:
A.	tangential.	C.	axial.	
B.	lordotic.	D.	decubitus.	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

42.	What is the general term for a position in which the long axis of the body is angled in relationship to the image receptor rather than the central ray (Example: A special chest projection)?
A.	Axial	C.	Decubitus	
B.	Trendelenburg	D.	Lordotic	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

43.	The opposite term for supination is:
A.	protraction.	C.	pronation.	
B.	adduction.	D.	retraction.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

44.	Which of the following positions is often used to insert a rectal enema tip before a barium enema study?
A.	Fowler’s	C.	Lithotomy	
B.	Modified Sims’	D.	Trendelenburg	

ANS: B	PTS: 1
45.	Tangential and axial projections are the same type of projection.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

46.	A dorsoplantar projection would be a radiographic study of:
A.	any anatomic region.	C.	the foot.	
B.	the hand.	D.	the skull.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

47.	Moving the foot and toes downward is:
A.	eversion.	C.	dorsiflexion.	
B.	inversion.	D.	plantar flexion.	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

48.	Movement in the form of a circle is the definition for:
A.	rotation.	C.	circumduction.	
B.	retraction.	D.	protraction.	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

49.	Radiographic view is not a valid positioning term in the United States.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

50.	Which of the following terms is opposite of ipsilateral?
A.	Medial	C.	Contralateral	
B.	Deviation	D.	Axiolateral	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

51.	The term position can be used for both a lateral and an oblique body position.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

52.	The radiographic term projection is defined as:
A.	general position of the patient.	C.	radiographic image as seen from the vantage of the image receptor.	
B.	path or direction of the central ray.	D.	computer-assisted image.	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

53.	According to the ARRT Code of Ethics, a radiologic technologist may render a diagnosis during a radiographic examination if requested by the patient.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

54.	According to the ARRT Code of Ethics, radiologic technologists must participate in continuing education activities throughout their professional career.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

55.	According to the ARRT Code of Ethics, a radiologic technologist may discuss any patient’s clinical history with another health professional.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

56.	Which of following is not one of the radiographic criteria used in the evaluation of images?
A.	Patient condition	C.	Collimation and CR	
B.	Structures shown	D.	Exposure criteria	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

57.	It is legally acceptable to write “right or left” on a radiograph if the anatomic side marker is not visible.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

58.	Situation:  A patient enters the emergency room with a piece of wire in the palm of the hand.  What is the minimum number of projections required to be taken for this radiographic study?
A.	One	C.	Three	
B.	Two	D.	Four or more	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

59.	The radiographer has the responsibility of communicating with the patient to obtain pertinent clinical information.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

60.	The radiographer may provide a preliminary interpretation of the radiographic study if requested by the patient.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1
61.	Which of the following radiographic procedures often requires a single AP projection is taken?
A.	Finger	C.	Chest	
B.	Ribs	D.	Pelvis	

ANS: D	PTS: 1

62.	What is the final step taken before making the exposure during a positioning routine?
A.	Image receptor centering	C.	Ensuring correct gonadal shield placement	
B.	Placing anatomic markers on cassette	D.	Collimation adjustments	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

63.	What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the femur?
A.	One	C.	Three	
B.	Two	D.	Four	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

64.	What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the right hip?
A.	One	C.	Three	
B.	Two	D.	Four	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

65.	What is the minimal number of projections taken for a postreduction (to realign a fracture) study of the ankle?
A.	One	C.	Three	
B.	Two	D.	Four	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

66.	What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the knee?
A.	One	C.	Three	
B.	Two	D.	Four	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

67.	It is common practice to view a PA or PA projection with the patient facing the viewer in the anatomic position.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

68.	PA or AP oblique projections are placed on the view box with the patient’s right side of the body facing the viewer’s right.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

69.	Decubitus chest projections are placed for viewing the way the image receptor “sees” them.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

70.	When placing radiographs of the hand on the view box, the digits should be pointing upward.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

71.	When placing radiographs of the lower leg, the toes of the foot must be pointing upward.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

72.	When viewing a CT or MRI image, the patient’s right is facing the viewer’s left.
A.	True	B.	False	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

73.	Situation: A patient is erect with his left side of the chest placed against the image receptor. The central ray enters the left side of the chest and exits the right. Which specific position has been performed?
A.	Dorsal decubitus	C.	Right lateral	
B.	Transthoracic lateral	D.	Ventral decubitus	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

74.	Situation: A patient is erect and leaning the shoulders backward 20° to 30° toward the IR. The central ray is perpendicular to the IR. What specific position has been performed?
A.	Lordotic	C.	Kyphotic	
B.	Axial	D.	Tangential	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

75.	Situation: The top of the foot is placed against the image receptor with the perpendicular central ray entering the sole of the foot. What specific projection has been performed?
A.	Transpedal	C.	Axial dorsoplantar	
B.	Plantodorsal	D.	Tangential plantodorsal	

ANS: B	PTS: 1

76.	Situation: The patient is lying on her right side on a cart. The anterior surface of the patient is against the image receptor. A horizontal central ray enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface of the body. What specific projection/position has been performed?
A.	AP	C.	Right lateral decubitus	
B.	PA	D.	Left lateral decubitus	

ANS: C	PTS: 1

77.	Situation: The patient’s head and neck are hyperextended with the top of the skull directly against the image receptor. The central ray enters just below the chin. Which specific projection has been performed?
A.	Submentovertical	C.	Parietoacanthial	
B.	Acanthioparietal	D.	Verticosubmental	

ANS: A	PTS: 1

MATCHING

Select the correct definition for the terms listed below. (Use each choice only once.)
A.	Caudad	F.	Dorsiflexion	
B.	Proximal	G.	Adduction	
C.	Extension	H.	Abduction	
D.	Radial deviation	I.	Pronation	
E.	Inversion	

1.	Movement of an arm or leg toward the midline
2.	An inward stress movement of foot
3.	Near the source or the beginning

4.	A CR angle away from the head end

5.	Increasing the angle of a joint

6.	Movement of an arm or leg away from the midline

7.	Decrease angle between foot and lower leg

8.	Turn or bend hand and wrist toward radius

9.	Rotation of hand with palm down

1.	ANS: G	PTS: 1
2.	ANS: E	PTS: 1

3.	ANS: B	PTS: 1
4.	ANS: A	PTS: 1
5.	ANS: C	PTS: 1
6.	ANS: H	PTS: 1
7.	ANS: F	PTS: 1
8.	ANS: D	PTS: 1
9.	ANS: I		PTS: 1

Select the minimum number of projections generally required for each of the anatomic structures.
A.	One projection	C.	Three projections	
B.	Two projections	

10.	Femur

11.	Chest

12.	Foot

13.	Finger

14.	Forearm

15.	Ankle

16.	Elbow

17.	Pelvis

10.	ANS: B	PTS: 1

11.	ANS: B	PTS: 1

12.	ANS: C	PTS: 1

13.	ANS: C	PTS: 1

14.	ANS: B	PTS: 1

15.	ANS: C	PTS: 1

16.	ANS: C	PTS: 1

17.	ANS: A	PTS: 1