Christensen: Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 6th Edition

Chapter 01: The Evolution of Nursing

Test Bank 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.	A nursing program certified by a state agency is said to be:
a.	accredited.	
b.	approved.	
c.	provisional.	
d.	exemplified.	

ANS:	B
Approved means certified by a state agency for having met minimum standards; accredited means certified by the NLN for having met more complex standards.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	2
TOP:	Nursing programs		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

2.	The process to obtain a nursing license in another state when the person has passed the NCLEX® Examination in their own state is to:
a.	retake the NCLEX® examination in the new state.	
b.	pass NCLEX® with a score high enough to meet the new state requirements.	
c.	attend a nursing program in the new state.	
d.	utilize the reciprocity agreement between states.	

ANS:	D
Reciprocity allows licensure from another state.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	11
TOP:	Licensure	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A

3.	When discussing the health care delivery system, the nurse must recognize that:
a.	it includes all states.	
b.	it affects the illness of patients.	
c.	insurance companies are not involved.	
d.	the major goal is to achieve optimal levels of health care.	

ANS:	D
The nurse must recognize that in the health care delivery system, the major goal is to achieve optimal levels of health care.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Health care systems		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

4.	To identify the needs of a patient and design care to meet those needs, the health care team requires:
a.	the Kardex.	
b.	the physician’s order sheet.	
c.	an individualized care plan.	
d.	the nurse’s notes.	

ANS:	C
An individualized care plan involves all health care workers and outlines care to meet the needs of the individual patient.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 13	OBJ:	9
TOP:	Care plan	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Planning	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A

5.	The patient care emphasis on wellness, rather than illness, began as a result of:
a.	increased education concerning causes of illness.	
b.	improved insurance payments.	
c.	decentralized care centers.	
d.	increased number of health care givers.	

ANS:	A
Once causes were found, emphasis shifted from cure to prevention.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Wellness	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A

6.	The most effective process to ensure that the care plan is meeting the needs of the patient or, if not, which changes should be made, is:
a.	documentation.	
b.	communication.	
c.	evaluation.	
d.	planning.	

ANS:	B
Communication is essential among the health care team to evaluate and modify the care plan.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 17	OBJ:	9
TOP:	Communication		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

7.	An interdisciplinary approach to patient treatment enhances care by:
a.	improving efficiency of care.	
b.	reducing the number of caregivers.	
c.	preventing the fragmentation of patient care.	
d.	shortening hospital stay.	

ANS:	C
An interdisciplinary approach prevents fragmentation of care.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 16	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Interdisciplinary approach	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

8.	A newly licensed LPN/LVN may practice:
a.	independently in a hospital setting.	
b.	with an experienced LPN/LVN.	
c.	under the supervision of a physician or RN.	
d.	as a sole practitioner in a clinic setting.	

ANS:	C
An LPN/LVN practices under the supervision of a physician, dentist, OD, or RN.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 17	OBJ:	11
TOP:	Vocational nursing		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

9.	Whose influence on nursing practice in the nineteenth century was related to improvement of patient environment as a method of health promotion?
a.	Clara Barton	
b.	Linda Richards	
c.	Dorothea Dix	
d.	Florence Nightingale	

ANS:	D
The influence of Florence Nightingale was highly significant in the nineteenth century as she fought for sanitary conditions, fresh air, and general improvement in the patient environment.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 18, Table 1-3	
OBJ:	1	TOP:	Nursing leaders		
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

10.	The document in which the role and responsibilities of the LPN/LVN are identified is the:
a.	NLN Accreditation Standards.	
b.	Nurse Practice Act.	
c.	NAPNE Code.	
d.	American Nurses’ Association Code.	

ANS:	B
The LPN/LVN functions under the Nurse Practice Act.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 13	OBJ:	12
TOP:	Nurse Practice Acts		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	11.	A cost-effective delivery of care being used by many hospitals that allows the LPN/LVN to work with the RN to meet the needs of patients is:
a.	focused nursing.	
b.	team nursing.	
c.	case management.	
d.	primary nursing.	

ANS:	C
Case management is a cost-effective method of care.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 14	OBJ:	12
TOP:	Patient care delivery systems	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	12.	The American Hospital Association's 1972 document that outlines the patient’s expectations to be treated with dignity and compassion is:
a.	Code of Ethics.	
b.	Patient’s Bill of Rights.	
c.	OBRA.	
d.	advance directives.	

ANS:	B
Patient expectations are outlined by the Patient’s Bill of Rights.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 15	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Patient’s rights			KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	13.	The relationships among nursing, patients, health, and environment are the basis for:
a.	care plans.	
b.	nursing models.	
c.	physician’s orders.	
d.	evaluation of patient care.	

ANS:	B
Nursing models are theories based on the relationship between nursing, patients, health, and environment.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 17	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Nursing models		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	14.	The system that reduces the number of employees but still provides quality care for patients is:
a.	team nursing.	
b.	cross-training.	
c.	use of critical pathways.	
d.	case management.	

ANS:	B
Cross-training reduces the number of employees but does not alter the quality of patient care.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 14	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Patient care	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A

	15.	The purpose of licensing laws for LPN/LVNs is to:
a.	limit the number of LPN/LVNs.	
b.	prevent malpractice.	
c.	protect the public from unqualified people.	
d.	increase revenue for the State Board of Nursing.	

ANS:	C
The purpose of licensing laws for LPN/LVNs is to protect the public from unqualified practitioners.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	12
TOP:	Licensure	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A

	16.	Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is based on the premise that:
a.	all needs are equally important.	
b.	basic needs must be met before the next level of needs can be met.	
c.	self-actualization is a primary need.	
d.	individuals prioritize needs the same way.	

ANS:	B
Basic needs must be met first.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Maslow’s hierarchy of needs	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	17.	Early training programs for LPN/LVNs differ from today’s concept of preparing the LPN/LVN in regard to the increased focus on:
a.	acquiring licensure.	
b.	organized education.	
c.	candidate selection.	
d.	supplying caregivers.	

ANS:	B
The appropriate training emphasizes vocational/technical education.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 6	OBJ:	2
TOP:	Nursing education		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	18.	When assessing environmental factors affecting health and illness, the nurse must realize these factors are both physical and social, and that they:
a.	affect one another.	
b.	cause illness.	
c.	cause patients to react similarly.	
d.	can be separated.	

ANS:	A
Physical and social factors affect each other, cannot be separated, and cause each patient to react in a unique manner.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 14	OBJ:	10
TOP:	Environmental factors		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance	

	19.	The role and responsibilities of the LPN/LVN as a responsible caregiver require that the LPN/LVN:
a.	join the American Nurses’ Association.	
b.	participate in continuing education activities.	
c.	rely on the judgment of an RN.	
d.	continue education toward RN level.	

ANS:	B
The LPN/LVN is required to gain continuing education units. Membership with the ANA is for RNs; there is no requirement for the LPN/LVN to continue education to the RN level. The LPN/LVN works under the supervision of an RN.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 18, Box 1-2	
OBJ:	12	TOP:	Role of vocational nurse	
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	20.	The organization that was established during World War II to provide nursing education and training was the:
a.	Nightingale School.	
b.	Cadet Nurse Corps.	
c.	Public Health Department.	
d.	Frontier Nursing Service.	

ANS:	B
The Cadet Nurse Corps was established during World War II to provide nursing education and training.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 6	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Nursing education		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	21.	One modern educational advancement program for the LPN/LVN to enter RN education is:
a.	repetition.	
b.	exclusion.	
c.	articulation.	
d.	coexistence.	

ANS:	C
Most states have some type of articulation program in which the LPN/LVN can achieve advanced standing in an RN program without having to enroll in the entire curriculum.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 10	OBJ:	2
TOP:	Nursing education		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	22.	Florence Nightingale’s original nursing education took place at:
a.	Saint Thomas.	
b.	Kings College Hospital.	
c.	Crimean Hospital.	
d.	Kaiserswerth School.	

ANS:	D
Florence Nightingale trained at Kaiserswerth School.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 3	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Nursing programs		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	23.	A system of comprehensive patient care that considers the physical, emotional, and social environment and spiritual needs of a person is:
a.	interdependent care.	
b.	holistic health care.	
c.	illness prevention care.	
d.	health promotion care.	

ANS:	B
Holistic health care encompasses the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of the patient.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Pages 11-12	OBJ:	2
TOP:	Health care	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A

	24.	The official agency that exists exclusively for LPN/LVN membership and promotes standards for the LPN/LVN is the:
a.	NFLPN.	
b.	ANA.	
c.	NLN.	
d.	NAPNES.	

ANS:	A
The NFLPN exists solely for the LPN/LVN. The other options have membership that includes RNs and the lay public.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	5
TOP:	Nursing organizations		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	25.	In order for the vocational nursing student to attain licensure, the NCLEX-PN® must be passed with a score that is:
a.	70% or better.	
b.	defined and set by each state.	
c.	designated as "pass."	
d.	within the 75th percentile.	

ANS:	C
Currently graduates of an approved vocational school are eligible to take the licensing exam and be awarded a license with a score of "pass" that is recognized by all states.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	11
TOP:	Licensure examination		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	26.	The document that was published in 1965 by the ANA that clearly defined two levels of nursing practice is the:
a.	licensing standards.	
b.	position paper.	
c.	Smith-Hughes Act.	
d.	Nurse Practice Act.	

ANS:	B
The ANA's position paper of 1965 defined two levels of nursing: registered nurse and technical nurse.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Pages 10-11	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Position paper			KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	27.	The wellness/illness continuum is defined as:
a.	a concept that never changes.	
b.	the range of a person’s total health.	
c.	a continuum influenced only by one’s physical condition.	
d.	an idea that focuses strictly on an individual’s social well-being.	

ANS:	B
The wellness/illness continuum is defined as the range of a person’s total health. This continuum is ever-changing and is influenced by the individual’s physical condition, mental condition, and social well-being.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	10
TOP:	Wellness/Illness continuum	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	28.	An LPN/LVN must practice under the supervision of an RN, medical physician, osteopathic physician, or:
a.	dentist.	
b.	psychologist.	
c.	physical therapist.	
d.	experienced LPN/LVN.	

ANS:	A
The LPN/LVN practices under the supervision of the RN, medical physician, osteopathic physician, or dentist.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 13	OBJ:	12
TOP:	Wellness/Illness continuum	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	29.	A progressive physician and teacher who was referred to as “the father of medicine” was known as:
a.	Hippocrates.	
b.	Jean Piaget.	
c.	Erik Erikson.	
d.	Sigmund Freud.	

ANS:	A
Hippocrates, born in 460 BC on the island of Cos in the Mediterranean, was a brilliant, progressive physician and teacher. He rejected the belief in the supernatural origin of disease and adopted a system of physical assessment, observation, and record keeping as an integral part of patient care. As his patient-centered care approach and medical ethics were adopted, Hippocrates was called the “Father of Medicine” and is credited with the Hippocratic Oath, which is still taken by physicians today.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 2	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Hippocrates	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A

	30.	Florence Nightingale established a nursing school at Saint Thomas Hospital in London. It was characterized by: (Select all that apply.)
a.	Allowing all applicants who applied to be enrolled	
b.	Offering formal and practical educational experiences	
c.	Keeping records of students’ progress	
d.	Focusing on sanitation and hygiene	
e.	Retaining a registry of all graduates	

ANS:	B, C, D, E
The nursing school established by Florence Nightingale rigorously screened its applicants. The curriculum, which included both formal education and practical experiences, was focused on hygiene and sanitation. The school kept records of the students’ progress during their school years, and also kept a registry of the graduates.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Analysis	REF:	Page 1	OBJ:	1
TOP:	School established by Florence Nightingale		
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	31.	Primitive medical interventions were based on the belief that illness was caused by the presence of _______________ _________________.

ANS:	
evil spirits
Illness was thought to be caused by the inhabitation of the body by evil spirits. Medical interventions were designed to drive out the evil spirits by introducing good spirits.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 2	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Primitive health care		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	32.	The earliest form of organized health care given by a designated group of people was provided by the ancient civilization of _____________.

ANS:	
Babylon
Because of its many wars, Babylonian history indicates that organized care was given to the wounded by a designated group of lay people.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 18	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Primitive health care		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	33.	The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) performs a job analysis every ________ years to determine the scope of practice of LPN/LVNs.

ANS:	
3
three
The National Council of State Boards of Nursing performs a job analysis every 3 years to measure the scope of practice for LPN/LVNs.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	5
TOP:	National Council analysis	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	34.	Graduates of the first school for training the practical nurse were referred to as ___________ nurses.

ANS:	
attendant
The first school for training the practical nurse started in Brooklyn, New York, in 1892 and was conducted under the auspices of the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA). The Ballard School, as it was known, was approximately 3 months in duration and trained its students to care for the chronically ill, invalids, children, and the elderly. The main emphasis was on home care and included cooking, nutrition, basic science, and basic procedures. Graduates of this program were referred to as attendant nurses.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Pages 7-8	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Attendant nurses		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: N/A		

	35.	In 1949, the National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN) was founded by __________ _____________.

ANS:	
Lillian Kuster
In 1949 the National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN) was founded by Lillian Kuster. This association is the official membership organization for licensed practical nurses/licensed vocational nurses (LPN/LVNs), and membership is limited to LVNs and LPNs.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	5
TOP:	National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses	
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	MSC:	NCLEX: N/A